computer fundamental

 CCOMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

Today the world is an information rich world and it has become necessary for everyone to know about computers--

(Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research)

Computer:- Computers is an electronic machine users enter raw data as input, the computer processes and produces output.

Computer:- computer is general purpose electronic machine invented to help people to solve problem computer must be programmed by human beings to perform various task various programming techniques are used for problem solving on computer.

Computer program:- the instruction given to the computer to perform a particular(specific) task is known as computer program. 

COMPUTER FUNCTIONS

Step 1: It takes raw data as input.

Step 2: Save information, instructions, and use as needed.

Step 3: Process the data and turn it into information (information is always useful).

Step 4: generate output.

BASIC OPERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Input operation: A computer is data processing machine. User must enter data in to the computer through input device. The input data are stored in memory for processing.(Accepting data for processing operation from an input devices)

Processing operation: processor process the data according to instruction. The microprocessor process and store in instruction register. The control unit decodes the instruction to find out which operation is being perform. After decode send signal to execute it.(Performing arithmetic and logical operation.)

Storage operation: After processing the result produced, result are stored in memory for display output.(Writing data to the storage devices)

Output operation: After stored the control unit display through on monitor for display and printer for prints it.(Sending result to output devices)

Advantages of Computers

Speed

The computer is a very fast device.

The computer has units of speed in microseconds nanoseconds and indeed the picosecond..

It is competent of performing calculations of exceptionally huge sums of data.

It can perform trillions of calculations in just a seconds

Accuracy

Calculations are 100% error free (accurate).

The computer performs all tasks with 100% accuracy if the input is correct.

Storage options.

Can store a large amount of data.(depends on storage devices) 

Computers have more storage capacity than humans.

All types of data, such as photos, videos, text, audio, documents, etc.

Respectful

Unlike humans, computers are free from monotony, fatigue and lack of concentration.

Can be used continuously without mistakes and boredom.

Can perform repetitive tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

Diversity

Computer is a very versatile machine.

Computers are very flexible in doing what needs to be done.

This machine can be used to solve problems related to various fields.

Can solve complex science problems one moment and play cards the next.

Reliability

Computers are secure devices

Modern electronic components have a long lifespan.

The computer is designed for easy maintenance.

Automation

A computer is an automatic device.

Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically.

Reduce paperwork and costs

The use of computers to process data in an organization leads to a reduction in paper documents and the speed of work.

As information in electronic files can be retrieved and needed, the problem of maintaining a large number of paper files is reduced.

The initial investment in building a high-quality computer will significantly reduce the cost of each operation.

Computer weaknesses

A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to do any task.

Every instruction must be given to the computer.

Computers cannot make their own decisions.

Addicted

It is user-directed, so it depends on humans

Neighborhood

Computer work environment should be dust free and comfortable.

No emotion

Computers have no feelings or emotions

Unlike humans, they cannot make judgments based on emotions, feelings, experiences and knowledge

              APPLICATION

Business

Computers have tall computing control, exactness, unwavering quality, and flexibility, making them an fundamentally portion of all trade organizations.

Computers are utilized in trade organizations.

Compensation(payroll) calculation.

Budget

Deals analysis.

Stocks maintenance

Weather forecasting

Worker database management

Banking

Today Banking is fully dependent on computer.

ATM machines.

Online accounting.

A completely programmed ATM machine makes it simple for clients to bargain with the bank.

Insurance

Insurance companies store all their records in UpToDate by using computers. Protections company

Insurance companies keep up a database of all clients that show:

proceed the policy

Approach date

Next installment

Interests

Survival benefits

Maturity

Bonus

Education

Computer gives instruments(tools) in education called CBE (Computer Based Education).

There are a few ways instructive educate utilize computers to instruct students.

Computer Instruction is quickly expanding the number of computer students.

Marketing

Use of computer in marketing

Advertising

Selling products etc.

Health care

Computer have become an important part in hospitals, labs, Pharma and health research etc. They are used to store records of patients and medicines, ECG, EEG, ULTYRASOUND, CT Scans, X-ray

Computer symptomatic framework utilized to gather information and decide the cause of disease.

Laboratory-diagnostic framework All tests can be performed, and reports created by computer.

Operations Nowadays, computers are too utilized in operations.

Pharmaceutical Data Framework computerized medicate names, close dates, side impacts, etc. used to check.

Engineering design

One of the most ranges is CAD (Computer Aided Design), which gives the creation and adjustment of images.

Fields:

Structural Engineering Respectful Building Transport Plan, development budget, Aeroplan etc. push, and strain examination is required for.

Industrial Engineering Mechanical Building Computers centers on the plan, usage, and change of complex frameworks of individuals, materials, and equipment.

Architectural Engineering Computer Designing Engineering makes a difference in urban arranging, planning buildings, and deciding the format of buildings on the ground utilizing 2D and 3D images.

Military

Computers are basically utilized in defense. present day issues, rockets, weapons, etc. the military moreover works a computerized control framework. A few military ranges where computers have been Utilized are:-

Rocket control system

Military communications

Military operations and planning

Smart weapons

Explosive

Defense systems for tanks

3D printable weaponry

Communication

Communication is the method of passing on a message, thought(ideas), picture, or discourse in a easy and Well-understood way.

Email

Conversation

Video

Audio

Documents etc.

Government

Computers play an vital role in government administrations

Budget

Climate change (weather forecasting)

Tax department.

Salary Charge Department(income tax)

GGeneration of computer

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.

Five generations of computer

There are five computer generations known till date. 

Five generations of computers.

First Generation of computers
The period of first generation was from 1940-1956. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, its a difficult task to maintain and repair. They produced a lot of heat, They can be cooled by large air conditioner(AC). Therefore, they were very expensive and used only big organization's.

Characteristics/features of First Generation

Computer use vacuum tubes speed was slow and memory was very small.

They were huge in size taking up entire room.  

First generation computers were very expensive and unreliable

They consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat.(Non-volatile electricity)

Input was based on punched cards

Output was obtained on printouts through electric type witer

Machine language was used in these computers (machine code as its programming language)

Examples of first generation computers

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

EDSAC. (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)

IBM 604

Mark-l

IBM-701
IBM-650

Second Generation Computer:

The second generation period is between 1959 and 1963. In 1947, three scientists, William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented transistor.

It replaced the vacuum tubes in the second generation computers. Transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller and much cheaper than vacuum tube.

characteristics of second generation computers

Transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes. 

Transistors reduced the size of computers and increased the speed and memory storage capacity.

Computers became more reliable and cheaper.

Second generation computers used punch card readers, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks

Assembly language was used in these computers.

High level programming languages, FORTRAN and COBOL were introduced in this generation of computers.

batch processing on the computer and multi-program operating system

Examples of second generation computers

UNIVAC II

UNIVAC 1108

IBM 7030

IBM7780

IBM 1620

IBM 7094
CDC 1604(Control Data Corporation's)
CDC 3600(Control Data Corporation's)

NCR 300 series

General Electric GE 635

Third generation computer
The third generation period was between 1963 and 1971. IC was invented by Jack Kilby. Integrated Circuits (ICs), also known as semiconductor chips were used in third generation of computers instead of transistors. IC chips were developed in early 1960s. A single IC chip contains a large number of transistors. IC chips increased the power and decreased the cost of computers. Invention of IC chips was a great breakthrough in advancing computer technology.

These advances made computers smaller, more reliable, and more efficient

characteristics of third generation of computers

Third generation computers used IC chips

IC chips improved the speed and memory of computers.

Computers consumed less electricity,less heat, became smaller, cheaper and more reliable than second generation computers.

Keyboard and monitor were used with the computer.

Low maintenance price.

These computers could run different application programs at the same time.

This generation uses a remote, time-sharing, multi-program operating system.

High-level languages​​(FORTRAN-II TO IV. COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68, etc.) are used in this generation.

Examples of third generation computers

Burroughs 6700

IBM System/380

IBM System 3

IBM-370/168

IBM-360

TDC-316

CDC 3300 Control Data Corporation's

CDC 6600 Control Data Corporation's

Honeywell-6000 Series
PDP (Personal Data Processor)

Fourth generation computer
The fourth generation period is between 1971 and 1980. In this generation of computers LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) VLSI circuits with approximately 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements on one chip. Microprocessor was developed which resulted in the development of microcomputers

Characteristics of fourth generation computer

Fourth generation computers are very fast, have large storage capacity and use advanced input/output devices

Microcomputers are very small in size, very reliable, consume less power and are affordable.

The fourth generation of computers has become more powerful, compact, reliable and affordable.

This ultimately led to the personal computer (PC) revolution.

Large variety of software is available for use in microcomputers.

Operating system having Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed in this generation,

These computers support multimedia software that combines text, image, sound and video.

This generation is used for time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating systems.

These computers support modem programming languages such as Visual Basic, C++, Java and Python for developing powerful software.

Fourth generation computers support a large variety of portable and wireless input/output devices.

Examples of microprocessors developed in fourth generation of computers are Intel Pentium series, Dual Core, Core2 Duo, Core 13, 15, 17 and AMD Athlon.

C, C++, vBASE, etc. such language is used in this generation.

Examples of fourth generation computers

IBM ThinkPad series,

HP Pavilion series,

Dell Inspiron series

Apple's MacBook Pro

Apple's MacBook Air series.

PDP 11

CRAY-1 (Supercomputer)
CRAY-X-MP (Supercomputer)

Fifth generation computer
The period of the fifth generation until 1980. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology changed to ULSI technology (Ultra Large Scale Integration), resulting in the production of microprocessor chips with tens of millions of electronic components.

Characteristics of fifth generation computer
Developing true artificial intelligence
Advances in Natural Language Processing
Advances in parallel processing in superconducting technology
More user-friendly interfaces and multimedia features
Availability of powerful and compact computers at low prices

This generation is based on parallel processing software and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging field in computer science that describes ways and means of making computers more human-like. This generation includes C and C++, Java, .Net, etc. All high level languages ​​like

The goal of/fifth generation of computers is to develop devices that can understand natural languages and have thinking power. This is a big challenge for computer developers and programmers to design such systems and software for them. Characteristics of fifth generation of computers.

Fifth generation computes are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).

In the fifth generation of computers, Al will minimize the need to write programs.

These computers will allow users to give commands in any natural language such as English.

Examples of fifth generation computers

robots and expert systems.

Robotic neural networks
Play games
Developing Expert Systems for Real-Life Decision Making Natural Language Understanding and Generation
Some of the computer models of generation
desktop

laptop
Ultrabook
CHROMEBOOKS
MAC BOOK